Systems Thinking. Principles and Applications

Why did the 2009 economic bailout fail to have the intended impact on the U. S. economy? Why did the widespread use of DDT in the 1960s have a devastating effect on our environment? Why have our commercial fishing policies wiped out the fishing industry? Why do companies like Research in Motion, Bank of America, and Netflix so badly misjudge their customers? Why do our foreign policy decisions often do more harm than good? Why did the Tacoma Narrows bridge collapse in moderate winds? Why do food charity programs often perpetuate hunger? These are classic examples of failures in Systems Thinking.

Today's complex problems can rarely be addressed using linear or purely technological thinking. Complex systemic issues such as climate change, terrorism, cyber warfare, business profitability, poverty, hunger, religious conflicts, resource management, and clean air and water often involve sociological, psychological, political, economic, environmental, and ethical issues; these ancillary issues and their interrelationships often dominate system performance.

Systems Thinking is holistic (integrative) thinking instead of analytic (dissective) thinking; it is the opposite of linear thinking; and it is the recognition that systemic behavior and performance patterns are the result of underlying structures which, in turn, are based on often incorrect mental models. Systems Thinking provides an arsenal of tools that enable managers, politicians, policy-makers, and engineers to better identify, understand, and control systems in order to improve their performance. 

In this book, we have assembled 8 Systems Thinking papers published between 2015 and 2024, covering topics such as the definition of Systems Thinking, the meaning of "Structure" in a Systems Thinking context; and applications of Systems Thinking to engineering education, foreign policy, business, engineering, design, and natural systems. We hope that this compendium improves the understanding of Systems Thinking and its applications.