Sink or Swim

People living in the nineteenth-century United States saw shocking upheavals in both the economy and in ideas of selfhood in a commercial society. Narratives such as Horatio Algers rags-to-riches tales allured Americans with visions of financial success, while events such as the Panics of 1819, 1837, 1857, and 1865 threatened them with sudden and devastating financial failure. The antebellum periods go-ahead ethos encouraged individuals to form an identity amid this chaos by striving for financial success through risk-takingthat is, to form a capitalist self. Andrew Kopec argues that writers of this era were not immune to this business turbulence; rather, their responses to it shaped the development of American literature. By examining the public and private writings of well-known American writersincluding Washington Irving, Catharine Maria Sedgwick, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Herman Melville, and Frederick DouglassKopec contends that, instead of anxiously retreating from the volatile market, these figures deliberately engaged with it in their writing.These writers grappled with both the limits and opportunities of capitalist selfhood and tried, in various ways, to harness the economys energies for the benefit of the self. In making this argument, Kopec invites readers to consider how this era of American literature questioned the ideologies of capitalist identity that seem inescapable today.