Future of the Nuclear Security Environment in 2015

The U.S. National Academies (NAS) and the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), building on a foundation of years of interacademy cooperation, conducted a joint project to identify U.S. and Russian views on what the international nuclear security environment will be in 2015, what challenges may arise from that environment, and what options the U.S. and Russia have in partnering to address those challenges.The project's discussions were developed and expanded upon during a two-day public workshop held at the International Atomic Energy Agency in November 2007. A key aspect of that partnership may be cooperation in third countries where both the U.S. and Russia can draw on their experiences over the last decade of non-proliferation cooperation. More broadly, the following issues analyzed over the course of this RAS-NAS project included: safety and security culture, materials protection, control and accounting (MPC&A) best practices, sustainability, nuclear forensics, public-private partnerships, and the expansion of nuclear energy.Table of ContentsFront MatterOVERVIEW OF U.S. - RUSSIAN PARTNERSHIP AND PERCEPTIONS OF THETHREAT ENVIRONMENTLEADERSHIP THROUGH PARTNERSHIP: A VISION FOR THE 2015 NUCLEARSECURITY RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THERUSSIAN FEDERATIONFUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF RUSSIAN - U.S. COOPERATION IN THE NUCLEARARENA: A REVIEW OF OPPORTUNITIES AND THREATSACCUMULATED EXPERIENCE THROUGH LONG-TERM COOPERATION: APPLYINGLESSONS LEARNED FROM U.S.-RUSSIAN MPC&A PROGRAMSTHE EXPERIENCE OF RUSSIA AND THE UNITED STATES IN COOPERATION ONPROTECTION, CONTROL, AND ACCOUNTING OF NUCLEAR MATERIALSMATERIAL PROTECTION, CONTROL, AND ACCOUNTING:LESSONS LEARNEDAPPLIED TO UNITED STATES AND RUSSIAN NUCLEAR SECURITY COOPERATIONIN 2015THE KOLA TRAINING AND TECHNICAL CENTER OF THE RUSSIAN NAVYPARTNERSHIP IN THE GLOBAL CONTEXT OF THE 21ST CENTURY: APERSPECTIVE FROM THE INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCYASSURANCES OF SUPPLY VS. PROLIFERATION: A NEW FRAMEWORK FOR NUCLEARENERGYFULL PARTNERSHIP: SHARING STRATEGIC, MANAGEMENT AND FINANCIALRESPONSIBILITIESTHE SALIENT NEED TO DEVELOP NEW APPROACHES TO ADDRESS NUCLEARWEAPONS PROLIFERATION ISSUESMINIMIZING CIVIL HIGHLY ENRICHED URANIUM STOCKS BY 2015: AFORWARD-LOOKING ASSESSMENT OF U.S.-RUSSIAN COOPERATIONCOST-SHARING ARRANGEMENTS IN INTERNATIONAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGYCOOPERATION: THE CRDF EXPERIENCEA NUCLEAR RENAISSANCE: EXPANDING NUCLEAR ENERGY AND ASSOCIATEDSECURITY CHALLENGESINTERNATIONAL URANIUM ENRICHMENT CENTER IN ANGARSK: A WAY TO ENSURETHE SECURITY OF NUCLEAR FUEL SUPPLY AND NON-PROLIFERATIONNUCLEAR POWER OF FAST REACTORS: A NEW STARTLEGAL ASPECTS OF NEGOTIATION, ENTRY INTO FORCE, AND IMPLEMENTATIONOF INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION ONCOOPERATION IN THE FIELD OF PEACEFUL USE OF NUCLEAR ENERGYPROSPECTS FOR RUSSIA-U.S. COOPERATION IN THE AREA OF NUCLEARNON-PROLIFERATION IN THE CONTEXT OF PROBLEMS ARISING FROM A NUCLEARPOWER RENAISSANCECREATIVE SOLUTIONS TO TOMORROW'S CHALLENGES: OPPORTUNITIES FORBI-LATERAL AND MULTI-LATERAL COOPERATIONNUCLEAR TERRORISM THREATS AND RESPONSESPUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR PARTNERSHIP RELATIONSHIPS: FUNDAMENTALISSUES, PROMISING DIRECTIONS AND METHODS OF RUSSIAN-AMERICANCOLLABORATION IN THE FIELD OF NON-PROLIFERATION OF NUCLEAR WEAPONSU.S. AND RUSSIAN COLLABORATION IN THE AREA OF NUCLEAR FORENSICSMAXIMIZING U.S.-RUSSIAN NUCLEAR SECURITY COOPERATION IN 2015: LEGALOBSTACLES AND OPPORTUNITIESNUCLEAR SECURITY AND NON-PROLIFERATION FOR THE COMING DECADES:COOPERATION IN A GLOBAL CONTEXTNUCLEAR NON-PROLIFERATION AND NUCLEAR ARMS CONTROLAPPROACHES TO REDUCING THE RISK OF NUCLEAR MULTI-POLARITYNUCLEAR SECURITY IN 2015: THE CASE OF NORTH KOREABUILDING PARTNERSHIP ON THE STRENGTH OFEXPERIENCE: TRENDS,PRIORITIES, AND TOOLS FOR CONTINUED RUSSIAN-U.S. COOPERATIONBUILDING PARTNERSHIP ON THE STRENGTH OF EXPERIENCE: TRENDS,PRIORITIES, TOOLS FOR CONTINUED RUSSIAN-U.S. COOPERATIONLIST OF ACRONYMSAPPENDIX A: AGENDAAPPENDIX B: PARTICIPANTS LISTAPPENDIX C: JOINT NATIONAL ACADEMIES'/RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES'COMMITTEE BIOGRAPHIESAPPENDIX D: JOINT STATEMENTS BY PRESIDENTS VLADIMIR V. PUTIN ANDGEORGE W. BUSH AND INTERNATIONAL STATEMENTS ON NUCLEAR SECURITYAPPENDIX E: AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATESOF AMERICA AND THE GOVERNMENT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION FORCOOPERATION IN THE FIELD OF PEACEFUL USES OF NUCLEAR ENERGY