Confucius and Muhammad

In the 19th century, the scramble for colonies in Asia and Africa by Western nations produced international power competition. This generated different forms of reactions by the colonized civilizations to the Western impact on their cultures.

This volume, Confucius and Muhammad: Contrasting Responses of China and Islam to Western Intrusion, is based on original historical archival materials. It exemplifies the differential conduct of France and the United Kingdom in China and Morocco, representing Confucian and Islamic responses to the West in terms of modernization.

(About the Author)

Raphael Israeli has taught Islamic, Chinese, and Middle Eastern history at Hebrew University in Jerusalem. A graduate of Hebrew University in history and Arabic literature, he earned a Ph.D. in Chinese and Islamic history from the University of California, Berkeley. Now retired, he has been a Fellow of the Harry Truman Research Institute at Hebrew University and the Jerusalem Center since the 1970s, and is the author of over 70 research books, a dozen edited books, and 100 scholarly articles about Islam.