Botany

Botany

By J.D. Hooker CONTENTS

I-Introductory

II-General Characters of Flowering Plants

III-The Tissues of Plants

IV-The Growth of Cell-Tissue, and Nature of the Cell

V-The Food of Plants

VI-The Growing Seed

VII-The Root

VIII-The Stem

IX-The Buds and Branches

X-The Leaves

XI-The Inflorescence

XII-The Flower

XIII-The Calyx

XIV-The Corolla

XV-The Disk

XVI -Estivation

XVII-The Stamen

XVIII-The Pistil

XIX-The Ovule

XX-Fertilization

XXI-The Fruit

XXII-The Seed

XXIII-Surface Coverings and Appendages

XXIV-Gymnospermous Plants

XXV-Classification

XXVI-Physiological Experiments

XXVII-A School-Garden of Flowering Plants

XXVIII-Schedules for Exercises on Leaves AND Flowers PREFACE The object of this Primer is to supply an elementary knowledge of the principal facts of plant-life, together with the means of training beginners in the way to observe plants methodically and accurately; and in the way to apply the knowledge thus obtained to the methodical study of Botany. It is hoped that by its means the teacher may convey a sound elementary knowledge of the number, nature, relative positions and uses of the principal organs of plants, of the order and way in which they grow, and in which plants multiply, and of those resemblances which exist amongst them, by a comparison of which their true relationships are known and themselves classified. In using this Primer the plants indicated are, whenever possible, to be put into each pupil's hand. Hence, to facilitate its use, I have placed at the end an Index of the plants referred to in it. These may be procured in the country, or from any intelligent nurseryman. Many of them should be grown in every school-garden, and arranged in it systematically, so that the teacher may have the same means of displaying to his pupils the principles of classification at the great founder of the natural classification of plants, Bernard de Jussieu, had after arranged the Garden of the Palace of Trianon after its establishment by Louis XV. The teacher should further have a copious supply of dried flowers, and other parts of these plants so preserved as that the pupil can, after moistening them in warm water, separate their organs. Much may thus be learnt when fresh plants cannot be obtained, and a rehearsal of the summer's lessons upon such dried specimens is a most improving exercise. He should also have a supply of preserved fruits, seeds, sections of stems, and of mounted preparations of the tissues and minute parts of plants adapted for exhibition under the microscope. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Windham Press is committed to bringing the lost cultural heritage of ages past into the 21st century through high-quality reproductions of original, classic printed works at affordable prices. This book has been carefully crafted to utilize the original images of antique books rather than error-prone OCR text. This also preserves the work of the original typesetters of these classics, unknown craftsmen who laid out the text, often by hand, of each and every page you will read. Their subtle art involving judgment and interaction with the text is in many ways superior and more human than the mechanical methods utilized today, and gave each book a unique, hand-crafted feel in its text that connected the reader organically to the art of bindery and book-making. We think these benefits are worth the occasional imperfection resulting from the age of these books at the time of scanning, and their vintage feel provides a connection to the past that goes beyond the mere words of the text.