A Study on History, Use and Management on Japanese Gardens in Europe

This is a study on history, use and management on Japanese Gardens in the central parts of Europe covering Italy, Germany, Holland, Belgium and France. Most of these gardens were designed by Japanese whom I mentored with and studied with and built after the World War Two.Purpose of this study is to provide a brief historical background for each garden, to identify uses originally planned and currently observed and to obtain more detailed information from each garden surveyed on management and maintenance.This study is based on the on-site observation of gardens and conversation with gardeners, administrators and volunteers, literature research and survey through questionnaires.